Zephyranthes robusta
For encouragment of pure inner child playfullness.
For gentle increasing of homeostatic baseline of innocence for accessing higher realms than before.
Accessing of double awareness abilities.
RESEARCH:
N.B I HAVE NOT RUN THROUGH THE VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDIES OF THE BELOW STUDIES AT THIS POINT. SO PLEASE NOTE THIS WHEN READING YOURSELF FOR STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE, BUT ALSO AN AMAZING OPEN MIND AND CONSIDERATION INTO THE POTENTIAL OF OUR PLANT KINGDOM IN SIGNFICANT AND GROWING POPULATION NUMBERS.
Further I am also assessing to tune in the frequency and message of the plant coming through to me/for me. Transmuting and expressing as a healing property.
Revised NMR data for 9-O-demethylgalanthine: an alkaloid from Zephyranthes robusta (Amaryllidaceae) and its biological activity
Abstract
Ongoing studies of Zephyranthes robusta resulted in the isolation of the lycorine-type alkaloid previously called carinatine and 10-O-demethylgalanthine. The NMR data given previously for this compound were revised and completed by two-dimensional 1H-1H and 1H-13C chemical shift correlation experiments. The name of the isolated compound was corrected to 9-O-demethylgalanthine in accordance with the currently used system of numbering of lycorine-type alkaloids. 9-O-Demethylgalanthine and galanthine, a previously isolated alkaloid from Z robusta, were inactive in acetylcholinesterase/butyrylcholinesterase assays (IC50 > 500 microM), but showed important prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition activity.
Mechanism of Action of Prolyl Oligopeptidase (PREP) in Degenerative Brain Diseases: Has Peptidase Activity Only a Modulatory Role on the Interactions of PREP with Proteins?
In the aging brain, the correct balance of neural transmission and its regulation is of particular significance, and neuropeptides have a significant role. Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) is a protein highly expressed in brain, and evidence indicates that it is related to aging and in neurodegenration. Although PREP is regarded as a peptidase, the physiological substrates in the brain have not been defined, and after intense research, the molecular mechanisms where this protein is involved have not been defined. We propose that PREP functions as a regulator of other proteins though peptide gated direct interaction. We speculate that, at least in some processes where PREP has shown to be relevant, the peptidase activity is only a consequence of the interactions, and not the main physiological activity.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7475498/
The role of prolyl oligopeptidase, understanding the puzzle
Prolyl oligopeptidase or prolyl endopeptidase (POP or PREP) was first described 50 years ago as an oxytocin cleaving enzyme (1) and it was further characterized as a peptidase able to cleave short peptides at the C-side of an internal proline (2). Because of its specificity, and the occurrence of internal proline residues in several neuropeptides, PREP was soon regarded as a peptidase relevant in neuropeptide metabolism, with a great drug target potential for neurological disorders’ therapy (3). Accordingly, synthesis and testing of PREP inhibitors became the attention of academia and industry, especially since evidence emerged that PREP inhibition improved cognitive decline and dementia in several animal models [reviewed in (4)].
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239943041_Alkaloids_from_Zephyranthes_robusta_Baker_and_Their_Acetylcholinesterase-_and_Butyrylcholinesterase-Inhibitory_Activity
Alkaloids from Zephyranthes robusta Baker and Their Acetylcholinesterase- and Butyrylcholinesterase-Inhibitory Activity
The bulbs of Zephyranthes robusta (Amaryllidaceae) have been extensively analyzed for their chemical constituents, resulting in the isolation of 13 alkaloids. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by mass-spectrometric, and 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic experiments. The complete NMR assignments were achieved for hippeastidine. All isolated alkaloids were evaluated for their erythrocytic acetylcholinesterase and serum butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities using the Ellman's method. Significant acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity was exhibited by 8-O-demethylmaritidine (IC50 (HuAChE) 28.0±0.9 μM).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261677939_Comparison_of_the_Effects_of_Extracts_of_Zephyranthes_Robusta_Baker_Haemanthamine_and_Lycorine_on_Mitosis_and_DNA_Synthesis_in_Allium_Cepa_Roots
Comparison of the Effects of Extracts of Zephyranthes Robusta Baker, Haemanthamine and Lycorine on Mitosis and DNA Synthesis in Allium Cepa Roots
This paper shows that extracts from Zephyranthes robusta Baker and a constituent alkaloids haemanthamine and lycorine inhibited mitosis in Allium cepa root tips.The antimitotic activity of haemanthamine, lycorine and extract of Zephyranthes robusta is expressed by the calculation of MI50. This value shows the concentration of solution which inhibited the mitotic index by 50%. This value was compared to MI50 calculated for Proresid and Oncovin.The use of the DNA labelling technique showed that haemanthamine inhibited 3H- thymidine uptake in onion roots. The extract from Zephyranthes robusta has the same effect. Combined treatment of JH-thymidine + haemanthamine and 3H-thymidine + extracts from Zephyranthes robusta caused a decrease in the quantity of the labelled nuclei and in their radioactivity. Proresid did not show the same effect.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1934578X1000500810
Analysis of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids from Zephyranthes robusta by GC-MS and Their Cholinesterase Activity
From the bulbs of Zephyranthes robusta Baker (Amaryllidaceae), seven known compounds, belonging to four structural types of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, were identified and quantified by GC-MS. The alkaloid extract from the bulbs showed promising acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities against HuAChE (IC50 = 35.9 ± 3.5 μg/mL) and HuBuChE (IC50 = 190.9 ± 8.2 μg/mL).
https://www.longdom.org/open-access/phytochemistry-and-pharmacology-of-genus-zephyranthes-29609.html
Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Genus Zephyranthes
The genus Zephyranthes belongs to family Amaryllidaceae, well known for its ornamental and medicinal values. The species of this genus are bulbous perennials having attractive flowers that generally bloom after heavy rains. The genus had been used traditionally by inhabitants of different countries like India, Peru, China and Africa for various therapeutic purposes like ear and chest ailments, viral infections, tumors, breast cancer, diabetes mellitus. Phytochemically this genus is reported to contain alkaloids, ceramides, phospholipids, sterols, fatty acids, flavonoids and their glycosides. The alkaloids of this genus are broadly classified as Amaryllidaceae alkaloids having different skeleton types. Pharmacological studies have revealed its potential for different activities like anticancer, antifungal, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, antiviral and antibacterial. In the present review the available information on phytochemical and pharmacological studies of Zephyranthes genus has been compiled.
DIFFERENT SPECIES BUT AMAZING RESEARCH ALL THE SAME
Acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting Alkaloids from Zephyranthes concolor
The bulbs and aerial parts of Zephyranthes concolor (Lindl.) Benth. & Hook. f. (Amaryllidaceae), an endemic species to Mexico, were found to contain the alkaloids chlidanthine, galanthamine, galanthamine N-oxide, lycorine, galwesine, and epinorgalanthamine. Since currently only partial and low resolution 1H-NMR data for chlidanthine acetate are available, and none for chlidanthine, its 1D and 2D high resolution 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded. Unambiguous assignations were achieved with HMBC, and HSQC experiments, and its structure was corroborated by X-ray diffraction. Minimum energy conformation for structures of chlidanthine, and its positional isomer galanthamine, were calculated by molecular modelling. Galanthamine is a well known acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; therefore, the isolated alkaloids were tested for this activity. Chlidanthine and galanthamine N-oxide inhibited electric eel acetylcholinesterase (2.4 and 2.6 × 10−5 M, respectively), indicating they are about five times less potent than galanthamine, while galwesine was inactive at 10−3 M. Inhibitory activity of HIV-1 replication, and cytotoxicity of the isolated alkaloids were evaluated in human MT-4 cells; however, the alkaloids showed poor activity as compared with standard anti-HIV drugs, but most of them were not cytotoxic.
https://www.scielo.br/j/rbfar/a/KjZpLTrDWfGBtTwYFhBQqNh/?lang=en
Analysis of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids from Zephyranthes grandiflora by GC/MS and their cholinesterase activity
Amaryllidaceae are known as ornamental plants, furthermore some species of this family contain galanthamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and other alkaloids with interesting pharmacological activity. The chemical composition of alkaloids from Zephyranthes grandiflora Lindl. was analyzed by GC/MS. Seven known compounds, belonging to five structural types of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, were identified. The alkaloid extract from the bulbs showed promising cholinesterase inhibitory activities against human blood acetylcholinesterase (HuAChE; IC50 39.2±3.0 µg/mL) and human plasma butyrylcholinesterase (HuBuChE; IC50 356±9.3 µg/mL).
Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Genus Zephyranthes
The genus Zephyranthes belongs to family Amaryllidaceae, well known for its ornamental and medicinal values. The species of this genus are bulbous perennials having attractive flowers that generally bloom after heavy rains. The genus had been used traditionally by inhabitants of different countries like India, Peru, China and Africa for various therapeutic purposes like ear and chest ailments, viral infections, tumors, breast cancer, diabetes mellitus. Phytochemically this genus is reported to contain alkaloids, ceramides, phospholipids, sterols, fatty acids, flavonoids and their glycosides. The alkaloids of this genus are broadly classified as Amaryllidaceae alkaloids having different skeleton types. Pharmacological studies have revealed its potential for different activities like anticancer, antifungal, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, antiviral and antibacterial. In the present review the available information on phytochemical and pharmacological studies of Zephyranthes genus has been compiled.
Metabolic studies of the Amaryllidaceous alkaloids galantamine and lycorine based on electrochemical simulation in addition to in vivo and in vitro models
Alkaloids from the plant family of Amaryllidaceae, such as galantamine (GAL) and lycorine (LYC), are known to exhibit numerous promising biological and pharmacological activities like antibacterial, antiviral or anti-inflammatory effects. Nonetheless, studies on the biotransformation pathway are rare for this substance class, unless approval for use as medication exists. While GAL has become a prescription drug used to alleviate and delay the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, LYC exhibits potential antitumor properties. However, it has also been linked to toxic effects resulting in nausea and emesis. Whereas there are few publications available describing the metabolic pathway of GAL in animals and humans, the metabolism of LYC is unknown. Therefore, this study is concerned with the investigation of the oxidative metabolism of GAL and LYC, which was achieved by means of three different approaches: electrochemical (EC) simulation coupled on-line to liquid chromatography (LC) with electrospray mass spectrometric (ESI-MS) detection was applied in addition to in vivo experiments in beagle dog analyzing plasma (BP) and in vitro incubations with rat liver microsomes (RLM). This way, it should be investigated if electrochemistry can be used to predict the oxidative metabolism of alkaloids. For GAL, the EC model was capable of predicting most metabolites observed during microsomal and plasma studies, including N-demethylated, dehydrogenated and oxygenated products or a combination of these. LYC was found to be metabolized far less than GAL in the animal-based approaches, but several EC oxidation products were generated. Some principal metabolic routes could successfully be correlated for this alkaloid as well, comprising dehydrogenation, dehydration to ungeremine and oxygenation reactions.
Galantamine improves cognition, hippocampal inflammation, and synaptic plasticity impairments induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) levels are higher in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease patients and are associated with neuroinflammation and cognitive decline, while neural cholinergic signaling controls inflammation. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of galantamine, a clinically approved cholinergic agent, in alleviating LPS-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive decline as well as the associated mechanism.
SPIRITUAL MEANING OF DEMENTIA - PERSPECTIVES
In the spiritual world dementia is defined as “a disorientation from reality. Spiritually it means you have lost touch with your spiritual intuitions.” In the physical world dementia is defined as a “deterioration of memory and thinking abilities, resulting in behaviour that is inappropriate for a particular situation.”
What greater example of adults “being” as children and “living in the present moment” than our friends with Alzheimer’s and dementia? It is the spirit of playfulness and innocence that opens the door to moments of Heaven or Nirvana here on earth. Could it be that our friends and loved ones with Alzheimer’s and Dementia are closer to an experience of God than those of us who are “healthy”?
People with dementia may move easily among different forms of spirituality: intense awareness of the present, transcendence of the personal self, and feeling of connection with the universe, a supreme being or web of being.